The "And Ratio" in the Pauline Epistles Examined
April, 2014
G.D.O'Bradovich III
1
We will examine if the occult can confirm what modern scholarship states; namely that the epistles attributed to Saint Paul are, in fact, his writings. The King James version of the Bible has been used to determine the number of words and the number of uses of the word "and". The formula is the number of words divided by the number of "ands". The total number of words is from the English, not the Greek language, so there is no pretense of scientific exactness.
Epistle
Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Total of all Epistles |
Number ofWords
9,872 9,913 6,335 3,237 3,183 2,290 2,077 1,931 1,071 2,362 1,752 944 455 45,422 |
Number of"and"s
257 287 163 75 125 88 92 86 48 102 70 37 13 1,443 |
"The And Ratio"
38.41 34.54 38.87 43.16 25.46 26.02 22.58 22.45 22.31 23.16 25.03 25.51 35.00 31.48 |
The above table has been rearranged below to show the highest to the lowest ratios.
Galatians
2 Corinthians Romans Philemon 1 Corinthians Average of all Epistles Philippians Titus Ephesians 2 Timothy 1 Timothy Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians |
43.16
38.87 38.41 35.00 34.54 31.48 26.02 25.51 25.46 25.03 23.16 22.58 22.45 22.31 |
The standard deviation is 7.18 and this deviation, when added to and subtracted from the average, gives a range between 38.62 and 24.02. The extremes are in bold.
Galatians
2 Corinthians Romans Philemon 1 Corinthians Average of all Epistles Philippians Titus Ephesians 2 Timothy 1 Timothy Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians |
43.16
38.87 38.41 35.00 34.54 31.48 26.02 25.51 25.46 25.03 23.16 22.58 22.45 22.31 |
Per Wikipedia, these letters thought to be pseudepigraphic by about 80% of scholars:
Titus
Ephesians
First Timothy
Second Timothy
The letters on which scholars are about evenly divided:
Colossians
Second Thessalonians
The questionable letters are underlined.
Titus
Ephesians
First Timothy
Second Timothy
The letters on which scholars are about evenly divided:
Colossians
Second Thessalonians
The questionable letters are underlined.
Galatians
2 Corinthians Romans Philemon 1 Corinthians Average of all Epistles Philippians Titus Ephesians 2 Timothy 1 Timothy Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians |
43.16
38.87 38.41 35.00 34.54 31.48 26.02 25.51 25.46 25.03 23.16 22.58 22.45 22.31 |
All the epistles modern scholarship questions have a lower ratio than the average of the works according to our analysis. We can not conclude, to our satisfaction if Titus, Ephesians, Second Timothy, First Timothy, Colossians and Second Thessalonians are not the works of Saint Paul.
The "And Ratio" in Machiavelli's "Il Principe"
Apprentice Tyler applies the "And Ratio" to Machiavelli's "The Prince". And I come to an expected conclusion.