The following references are from the Oxford English Dictionary. Secondary sources are in red. In the "Attempt To Date" series we generally stop referencing after the year 1800, however with Islam and the Orthodox Church , we increased our references to the year 1900.
1161 in Publ. Pipe Roll Soc. (1927) IV. 10
Mahumet reddit Compotum de v m pro duello.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 14585
And bilæue þe hahȝe godd, & luuie heore mahimet.
1387▸a J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 33
Þe fifte leuynge [L. ritus] of Sarazynes bygan vndir Makomete [?a1475 anon. tr. Machomete; L. Machometo].
1390c Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 333
The holy lawes of oure Alkaron, Yeuen by goddes message Makomete [v.r.Makamete].
1390c Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 336
Makometes lawe [v.r. Macometis].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 245
Ayein the caliphe of Egipte.
1400c Mandeville's Trav. v. 36
Sahaladyn that toke the Califfe of Egypte and slough him.
1400c Mandeville's Trav. xxi. 230
The Calyphee of Baldah.
1425?a Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 114
Þaire tempill, þe whilk es called Moseak [?a1425 Titus Moseach; Fr.Meseache].
1425?a (▸a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. lxxxiv. f. 57v (MED),
I haue founden a false ymage þat men kallen a makemet in my self.
1425?a (▸c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 84
Alkaron..The whiche book Machamete toke hem.
1425?a (▸c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 90
Machomete was born in Arabye.
1425a (▸?c1384) Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 364 (MED),
Medle good wiþ þe yvel, for þus dide Machamete in his lawe.
1475c (▸a1400) Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 301 (MED),
Þe secte of macamethe takiþ meche of cristis secte.
1500a tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 92
This fals prophete gadred owt of the two Testamentis certeyn abstinences..which he callid the Fastes of the Moneþe of Ramaȝan [Fr. de mois Ramazan].
1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in P. Bawcutt Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 217
Saraȝene, symonyte..Machomete manesuorne.
1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay (1888) 105
The machometis and the turkis, the iowis and oder infidelis.
1533a Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) xliiii. sig. Iiv,
At the laste..Arthur founde two ymages of coper..and whan Arthur sawe them he toke his swerde in his hande & layde on with all his myght on these macomettes.
1544 in Lett. & Papers Henry VIII XIX. ii. 452
[The Turk made offers in his] muskaye.
1549a A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (?1555) xxxvii. sig. M.iiiiv,
I am a turk and machamytes law do kepe. [Also: Macomyt(e, -it(e.]
1551 W. Thomas tr. G. Barbaro Trav. Persia (1873) 10
He..was lodged in an auncient Moschea.
1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Fv,
Whom they honoure and reuerence as a great God & mighti Mahumet.
1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 88
Afterwarde thys doung-hel of Idolatry..set vp agayne her Idoles and mahomets.
1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 93*
Brought into our Churche Idolles and Mahomettes.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. Table f. 164v,
S. Sophia and other Mosques of Constantinople.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xvii. 102 b,
These devoute Dervis live of almes.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xvii. 102
The thirde sect of the religious Turkes called Dervis.
1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 633
The Caliphaes of the Sarasins were kings and chiefe bishops.
1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 788
Called by the Calipha and Inhabitants of Caire.
1590 L. Lloyd Consent of Time 709
Neither the Arabians of their Hegyra.
1595 A. Hartwell tr. G. T. Minadoi Hist. Warres Turkes & Persians 110
Then they came to Messeardachan..& so to Biucardacan, belonging also to the Turkes, where they kept the feast of Ramadan [It. Ramadan], which till now they could not celebrate.
1599 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 203
The Mahumetans obserue a kinde of lent continuing one whole moone..called in their tongue [sc. prob. Turkish] Ramazan.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ii. 381
From this flight the Mahumetans fetch the originall of their Hegeira.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 151
Mahumets law affirmeth all kinde of diuinations to be vaine.
1601 W. Parry Trav. Sir A. Sherley 10
They are damned Infidels and Zodomiticall Mahomets.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 341 The Temple of S. Sophia..(now reduced vnto the forme of a Mahometan Moschie..) is most beautifull.
1607 (▸?a1425) Chester Plays (Harl. 2124) i. 197
For Mahometis, both one and all, that men of Egipt Gods can call, at your coming downe shall fall.
1609 R. C. True Hist. Disc. Muley Hamets Rising ii. sig. Bv,
His Embassage sent vnto her, Anno. 1601. performed by Abdala Wahad Anowne, and Hamet Alhadg, their great trauailer to Mecha, and other places.
1609 R. C. True Hist. Disc. Muley Hamets Rising vii. sig. C3/2,
Fokers, are men of good life, which are onely given to peace.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 113
The Turkes Romadan, which is their Lent, being ended.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 125
There is built in the place thereof [sc. the Temple at Jerusalem] a Muskia or Turkish Church.
1612 T. Shelton tr. Cervantes Don-Quixote iv. xiii. 465
The Christian died, and I know shee went not to the fire, but to Ala.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (1617) iii. ix. 325
Mahomet..therefore appointed publike Prayers in all the Mosques of his dominion.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 301
Then ariseth another Priest of another order called Imam, and readeth a Psalme aloude.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 311
These (they say) are friends to the Islams, that is, Catholike, or right-beleeving Musulmans.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 378
The Persians are a kinde of..Puritans in their impure Muhammedrie.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. i. xiii. 63
The story of this Bagded or Baldach and her Chalifs [also written chalipha].
1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 105
An African expressly affirms that in Mahumedisme were anciently lxxii. Sects, and now but two.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. ii. §3. 239
The state of the Caliphe.
1615 W. Bedwell (title)
Mohammedis imposturæ; that is, a discovery of the..forgeries, falshoods, and..impieties of..Mohammed.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L3,
Alhage, is a title of honour and dignitie amongst the Turkes, and is giuen to all such as haue visited the Alcaaba or sepulcher of Mohammed.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L3v, at Amir,
One of the Chalifs.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. Nv,
Muslim, or Mussliman,..is one that is instructed in the beleefe of the Mohammetanes.
1624 T. Roe Negotiations (1740) 343
The building of so many Mahometan moschyes.
1625 Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 64
If the Hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet wil go to the hil.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. iii. v. 264
[Nicetas] Anathematiseth the Core, that is, Mahomets Scripture, and all his learning.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1533
These frames doe the Arabians and Persians in their owne language, call Chilminara:..for so they call those high narrow round steeples, which the Arabians have in their Mesquites.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1611
An order of Derueeshes, that turne round with Musike in their Diuine Seruice.
1625 tr. Surrender of Lantore in S. Purchas Pilgrimes I. v. xiv. 703
Our Religion of Islam doth not agree with the Christian Religion.
1625–6 S. Purchas Pilgrimes ii. 1609
Immediately after euery one is cleansed and come into the Moschea, the Eemawm which is the Parish Priest beginnes to pray.
1626 Methold in Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 4) 995
He is by Religion a Mahumetan, discended from Persian Ancestors, and retayneth their opinions, which differing in many points from the Turkes, are distinguished in their Sects by tearmes of Seaw and Sunnee.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vii. 316
Priests called Darvishes.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 159
The Turkes..call..themselues Sonnj, and Mussulmen, which is truly faithfull.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 36
They [sc. the Bannian Priests] hate Mahumed, and acknowledge one God and Creatour of all things.
1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie (1636) i. iii. 200
A Dervice, or religious man of theirs.
1638 W. Bruton Newes from E.-Indies 27
They are called Fuckeires.
1645a W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) iv. ii. 191
The daily denying my ransomer in the Mosquo of his adversary.
1650 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Descr. Grand Signor's Seraglio 120
The Ramazan time, which is their lent, & lasteth a whole moon.
1650 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Descr. Grand Signor's Seraglio 187
Those Turks which..would be accounted Sofees [margin. Puritans] do commonly read, as they walk along the streets.
1663 J. Beale Let. 29 Sept. in M. Hunter et al. Corr. R. Boyle (2001) II. 138
If wee attribute Divinity to this Agent Intellect, or to Memory (as some of the Acutest Schoolewits both Christians & Mahamedans have done) what shall wee say of the Memory of Dogs.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 271
Gunnet ..imposed that new Currawn as they term it upon the Persian.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 307
The Dervisse an order of begging Friar.
1667a P. Mundy Trav. (1914) II. xvi. 226
In our way were certaine Munaries or small Towers made Taperwise, built by King Ecbar.]
1671 Dryden Evening's Love iii. 47 Wild.
If she be turn'd Christian again I am undone. Jac. By Alha I am afraid on't too.
1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. v. §49
The present Mahometans..permit none to sit in their moschos.
1675 J. Covel Diary in Early Voy. Levant (1893) II. 188
The Moschs and Minarys (or steeples)..are very stately.
1675 J. Covel Diary in Early Voy. Levant (1893) II. 238
From the top of Sultan Selim's Mineret or steeple..was stretcht a rope right over the houses down into this yard.
1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 128
To hang like Mahomet, in th' Air, Or St. Ignatius, at his Prayer.
1679 L. Addison Life & Death Mahumed xv. 82
Speaking with one Cidi Absolom (upon his return from performing the Alhage to Mecca).
1681 L. Addison Moores Baffled 15
The last Month of the 1073 year of the Hegira.
1681 Moores Baffled 23
The Mahumedan Law.
1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece v. 364
They have built a Minoret, or tall, slender Steeple; out of which they make a Noise, to call People together, at their set times of Prayer, day and night.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 102
The director of the Prayers, who says the Prayers, and makes the rest say them;..in Turkey he is called the Imam.
1695 P. Motteux tr. F. Pidou de St. Olon Present State Morocco 43
On the Eve of that Ramadan, they prepare themselves for its observation by public Rejoycings.
1695 P. Motteux tr. F. Pidou de St. Olon Present State Morocco 72
Two Mosques, whose Minarets are of a considerable height.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 379
In their Ramzan, or on a Journey, they often expire for want of it [sc. opium].
1698 T. D'Urfey Campaigners Pref. 16
Cavils again with Iacinta, in the Mock Astrologer, for jesting with Alla, and honest Mahomet.
1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 14 Well has our holy Alha mark'd him out The Scourge of lawless Pride.
1704 J. Pitts True Acct. Mohammetans ix. 156 He..told me, that if he died on the way, I should be sure to perform theAlhage, or el Hagge.
1704 tr. P. Baldæus True Descr. Malabar & Coromandel in A. Churchill & J. Churchill Coll. Voy. III. 568/1 You shall take care to embark all the Facquiers.
1706 London Gaz. No. 4205/1, This being the Moon of Ramezan, during which it is the Custom of the Turks to fast by Day and feast by Night.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (ed. 6) , Mahomet or Muhammed, an Arabian Impostor.
1708 Ld. Shaftesbury Let. conc. Enthusiasm 41 There is hardly now in the World so good a Christian..who if he liv'd at Constantinople, or elsewhere under the Protection of the Turks, wou'd think it fitting or decent to give any Disturbance to their Mosque-Worship.
1708 S. Ockley Conquest of Syria I. 253 See you do not renounce Islâm.
1714 Sir R. Sutton Despatches 7 Oct. (1953) 204 An Audience of the Vizir Azem..by reason of the Ceremonies used by the Turks..in the later end of the Ramezan..was put off.
1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Apr. (1965) I. 319 They..go to the Mosque on fridays and the Church on Sundays.
1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 17 May (1965) I. 359 The outside of the Mosque is adorn'd with 4 Towers vastly high, gilt on the Top, from whence the Imaums call the people to prayers.
1721 J. Hughes Siege Damascus (ed. 2) iii. i. 38 The great Mahomet, Arabia's morning-star.
1725 J. Windus Journey to Mequinez 98 Giving the Articles to his Admiral, Al Hadge Abdelcader Peres (afterwards sent Ambassador to England).
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Sonna, There are also Sectaries among the Mahometans, called Sciaites, who reject the Traditions of the Sonnites.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 157 This Khalifa was the first who erected Minarets in the Mosques.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. vi. 186 A wandering Derwish, a devout Moor.
1730a T. Whincop Scanderbeg (1747) 50 By Allah, thou shalt die; call in our mutes.
1732 A. Bower Historia Litteraria 3 20 The Moslems came to the Lake of Tiberias, and coasted round it in Battle-array.
1734 G. Sale tr. Koran 16 This is the Caaba, which is usually called, by way of eminence, the House.
1734 G. Sale tr. Koran Prelim. Disc. 181 The third Khalif of the race of al Abbâs.
1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Lett. Study Hist. (1777) iv. 97 Maraccio's refutation of the Koran.
1744 Trav. C. Thompson III. 267 They are not the dancing Dervises, of which Sort there are none in Egypt.
1747 tr. Mem. Nutrebian Court II. 197 From all parts of the neighbouring kingdom had drawn mahomets, coptics, and idolaters.
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea III. v. 35 The sect of Sunni comprehends the Turks, some of the Tartars, the subjects of the Moghol, with some other nations of less note.
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea III. xii. 77, I am a Sunni, as my ancestors were.
1757 D. Hume Nat. Hist. Relig. in Four Diss. i. 106 The Rhamadan of the Turks..must be more severe, than the practice of any moral duty.
1759 Mod. Pt. Universal Hist. II. 42 The Sonnites make use of the word Shiites, or Shii, and apply it to their adversaries, as a term of reproach.
1760 Johnson Idler 22 Mar. 89 The Favour of three successive Califs.
1761 Ann. Reg. 1760 87 All the minerets..were thrown down.
1761 L. Scrafton Refl. Govt. Indostan i. 29 Bestowing a part of their plunder on..Faquirs.
1773 W. Duff Hist. Rhedi 88 The ever merciful Allah..whose reinvigorating influence I felt upon my mind.
1773a A. Butler Moveable Feasts Catholic Church (1839) IV. iii. 104 Mahometans, before their Ramadan, or Lent..for some time refrain from all feastings.
1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor xvi. 48 Amid these the tall minarees rise, and white houses glitter, dazzling the beholder.
1776 R. Chandler Trav. Greece x. 48 The Turks..had erected a pulpit..for their Iman or reader.
1776 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad vii. 313 (note) They have long submitted to the oppressions of a few Arabs, their Mohammedan masters.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. 24/2 An open scoffer at the Moslem faith.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. p. xiii/2 The era of Mohammed.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. p. xli/1 Many of the Mohammedans having a custom of carrying about them verses or chapters of the Alcoran, by way of preservatives or charms.
1779 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 270, I could not justify to myself to give to the synagogue, the mosque, or the pagoda, the language which your pulpits so liberally bestow upon a great part of the Christian world.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxviii. 93 (note) , The Moors of Spain, who secretly preserve the Mahometan religion, above a century,..possessed the Koran, with the peculiar use of the Arabic tongue.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall l.
1786 S. Henley Notes in tr. W. Beckford Arabian Tale 213 Caliph..comprehends the concrete character of prophet, priest, and king.
1788 F. Gladwin Hist. Hindostan 49 Mohammedism first appeared in Cashmeer about the commencement of the eighth century of the Hegira.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lviii. 48 The Moslems soon found, that..resistance was impotent.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxiv. 294 The most powerful of the Moslem princes.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxviii. 509 The same model was imitated in the jami or royal moschs.
1788 W. Marsden in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 78 414 The era of the Mahometans, called by them the Hejerà, or Departure.
1791 C. Hamilton tr. Ali Ibn Abi Bakr Hedàya II. p. xvii, Having arrived at Koofa, and engaged two assistants, he, on Friday the 17th of Ramzan, A. H. 40, waylaid the Khàlif as he was going to the Mosque.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 571 Some of them called Souffees, who are a kind of quietists.
1797 J. Dallaway Constantinople 128 The more ingenious are instructed in islàm, and the sciences it deems lawful.
1798 J. Tweddell Remains (1815) I. 235 One of the minarehs of St. Sophia.
1798 N. B. Edmonstone tr. Tipu Sultan in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 82 The illustrious Kaaba is the object of veneration to the followers of truth.
1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 p. xxiii, Two Sects, the one of whom assumed the Title of Sooney (or Orthodox), and who branded the opposite Party with the opprobrious Epithet of Shiah (or Heterodox).
1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800: Misc. Tracts 121/1 These transactions occurred in the 38th year of the Hejira.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. lix. 90 Ramazani's fast Through the long day its penance did maintain.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. lxiii. 92 The pilgrim..gaz'd around on Moslem luxury.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. xxxvii. 79 The cross descends, thy minarets arise.
1812 T. Moore Twopenny Post Bag vi. 24 You know our Sunnites, hateful dogs! Whom every pious Shiite flogs Or longs to flog.
1813 Byron Giaour (ed. 4) 14 Nor there the Fakeer's self will wait.
1814 Byron Corsair ii. ii. 33 And less to conquest than to Korans trust.
1814 R. Southey Roderick xx. 242 The subjected West Should bow in reverence at Mahommed's name.
1814 Spaniards i. iii, Thou art my country's foe, an Islam in thy creed.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. v. 208 The beauty of the Soofee system.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. v. 213 The fast of the Ramzaun is..strictly observed; and..is felt as a real hardship.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul Introd. 62 The mystical doctrines of the Sofees.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iv. vii. 540 The Imaums of towns have fees on marriages, burials, and some other ceremonies, and are maintained by them and the gifts of their congregation.
1816 Byron Siege Corinth ii. 8 The crescent shines Along the Moslem's leaguering lines.
1817 C. Mills Hist. Muhammedanism 369 Down to the fifteenth century, the Persians fluctuated between the Sonnite and Shiite sects.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India I. iii. iii. 510 A Dirvesh, or professor of piety.
1817 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) IV. 760 An extramundane homo magus, from whom the world had its being, the Allah of Mahometan Mono-idolism.
1817a J. L. Burckhardt Trav. Syria & Holy Land (1822) 326 An Olema thinks he has attained the pinnacle of knowledge if he can recite all the Koran together with some thousand of Hadeath, or sentences of the Prophet.
1821 Byron Don Juan: Canto III xxix. 17 Like dervises, who turn as on a pivot.
1822 Shelley Hellas 13 The moon of Mahomet Arose, and it shall set.
1822 Shelley Hellas 45 Poor faint smile Of dying Islam.
1822 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater 126 A Lent or Ramadan of abstinence from opium.
1825 R. Heber Jrnl. 25 Feb. in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) II. xxiv. 76 A new Sunnite teacher..thought proper to distinguish himself by a furious attack on the Sheeite heresy from the pulpit.
1827 J. S. Buckingham Trav. Mesopotamia II. 487 The inhabitants he [sc. a Dervish] described as mostly Mohammedans, and of the Soonnee sect.
1828 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. III. xix. 524 My commands are,..that praises be offered up in every mosk.
1832 G. A. Herklots tr. Customs Moosulmans 206 The first class of Durwayshes is denominated Salik.
1832 W. Irving Alhambra I. 145 Mohammedan worship.
1833 A. Crichton Hist. Arabia I. vii. 334 Pillars of the Sonnee faith.
1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iii. 110 It is not by the visit to Mek′keh..that the Moos′lim acquires the title of el-hha′gg (or the pilgrim).
1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iii. 97 The public worship of the Moos′lims.
1836 Partington's Brit. Cycl. Lit., etc. III. 769/2 The Mohammedans [in Sinde] are all Soonees, and most of them of the sect of Haneefee.
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. III. xvi. ii. 267 The califs of Bagdad.
1839 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 18 The..menaret of each mosque.
1839 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 379 The muëddins on the menarehs had chanted the Selam of Friday.
1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 299/1 This retreat happened on the 16th of July, 622, and has been adopted as the Mohammedan æra called Hejra.
1841 E. Robinson Bibl. Res. Palestine I. 352 The tract around this tank [sc. the Upper Pool]..is occupied as a Muslim cemetery.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 62 A person..does not..become free, unless he flies from a foreign infidel master to a Muslim country, and there becomes a Mohammadan.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. iii. 316 To dispose him to question the infallible authority of the Korán.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. xii. iii. 651 The Sunni religion.
1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes ii. 104 All Moslem are bound to study it [sc. the Koran].
1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 161 Barefooted Dervish is not poor, If fate unlock his bosom's door.
1849 W. Irving Mahomet ii, He contented himself..with the modest title of Caliph, that is to say, successor, by which the Arab sovereigns have ever since been designated.
1850 F. W. Newman Phases of Faith 161 Mohammedism..conquers those Pagan creeds which are morally inferior to it.
1852 E. B. Eastwick tr. Mir Amman Bāgh o Bahār 10 Adventures of the Four Darweshes.
1854 Eclectic Rev. Mar. 358 The great bulk of the other tribes, and principally of the Tshetshenes, have been converted to the Islam of the Sunnite form.
1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. iv. i. 17 The temple of the Caaba was at once..the centre of the commerce and of the religion of Arabia.
1855 R. F. Burton Personal Narr. Pilgrimage to El-Medinah II. xxi. 281 In fact, justice at El Medinah is administered in perfect conformity with the Shariat or Holy Law.
1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. vii. i. 326 Those Sufis who proclaimed the difference between the Church and the Mosque of little moment.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits viii. 135 Every cell of the Inquisition, every Turkish caaba, every Holy of holies.
1859 Ballou's Dollar Monthly Mag. Sept. 223/2 May the light blind him and the dark sting him. Before Allah, I believe Caliph Hassan has my daughter!
1860 J. L. Krapf Trav. E. Afr. i. vi. 73 The fiery and proselytizing Islams would probably have overrun equatorial Africa from east to west.
1861 Dickens Tom Tiddler's Ground i, in All Year Round Extra Christmas No. 12 Dec. 1/2 A Hindoo fakeer's ground.
1865 J. G. Whittier David Watson in Prose Wks. (1889) I. 316 At the season called Ramadan, he was left at leisure for a whole week.
1867 M. E. Herbert Cradle Lands vii. 173 We reached a wall and gateway with inscriptions from the Kurán.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 51 The minarets and the castle which crowns the highest position produce a striking effect.
1869 M. Wilks' Sk. S. India (ed. 2) II. xlviii. 381 The projects of Jehad—holy war.
1869 Pall Mall Gaz. 7 Jan. 10 Whirling about all round you like dancing dervishes.
1872 J. R. Lowell Dante in Prose Wks. (1890) IV. 149 A Soofi who has passed the fourth step of initiation.
1872 W. G. Palgrave Ess. on Eastern Questions iii. 96 The Koorde, while adopting the nomenclature of Mahometanism, fails to grasp the meaning: his ‘Allah’ is degraded from a universal to a particular god; his ‘Islam’ implies no brotherhood beyond that of his own clan.
1874 J. Morley On Compromise 138 A fakir would not be an estimable figure in our society.
1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 677/2 The Persian Sufis specially distinguished themselves by their practice of abstinence and solitary meditation.
1875 J. W. Kaye Hist. Sepoy War III. iv. 167 To collect money and preach the Moslem Jehad.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 25 The mosque of Sultan Hassan,..perhaps the most beautiful in the Moslem world.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 30 A Mahommedan mosque is as much a place of refuge and rest as of prayer.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 37 And now, their guttural chorus audible long before they arrived in sight, came the howling dervishes.
1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 113/2 Shi'at or Sher'iat, i.e. legal religion under the supervision of a murshid.
1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. C. P. Tiele Outl. Hist. Relig. 99 The severe asceticism in which the Moslims were soon to rival Christians and Buddhists.
1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. C. P. Tiele Outl. Hist. Relig. 99 With this gloomy conception of deity corresponds the view taken by Islâm of the world.
1878 A. Burnell in Academy 28 Dec. 604/1 On medicine eleven Hindu books and one Muhammadan were published last year.
1880 A. Rumsey (title) Moohummudan Law of Inheritance.
1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 367/2 Rejecting the Hadith, or traditional sayings of Mahomet.
1880 Gen. Roberts in Daily News 14 Feb. 2/4 The Mollahs have been preaching a jehad or religious war.
1881 Sir W. Hunter in Encycl. Brit. XII. 792/1 Muhammad commonly known as Mahomet.
1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 594/2 The traditions of Mohammed, or Hadíth, the collective body of which constitutes the Sunna, or custom.
1883 Sunday at Home 11 The Káabeh..is a plain unornamented oblong of massive masonry, 38 feet by 30 square, and 40 feet high, covered with a heavy black cloth, of a fabric of mixed silk and cotton, which has a richly embroidered band worked in bullion, about two and a half feet deep, encircling it about ten feet from the top, with the Kalumna, the Moslem profession of faith, wrought in gold letters.
1884 F. Boyle On Borderland 257 The chief imam condemned such an interpretation of the law.
1884 J. Payne Tales from Arabic I. 49 (note) , The orthodox Muslim, whose only meals in Ramazan-time are made between sunset and dawn-peep.
1885 Trans. Soc. Biblical Archæol. 8 384 All the sects..which now inhabit the lands of the Bible..call upon the Lord, the God of the Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans, in the name of ‘Allah’.
1886 C. R. Conder Syrian Stone-lore (1896) ix. 342 (note) , The ‘path’, the final ‘unity’ with God, the disbelief in all creeds, [etc.]..which form the great Sufi doctrines, are purely Buddhist.
1888 S. S. Allnutt in Suppl. Cambr. Rev. 15 Mar. p. lxii/2 The orthodox Muhammadan in India would disdain to use the prayer, and brands the user of it as a forsaker of the truth (Ráfiz).
1889 Menorah Jan. 15 Thou..art an Islam true.
1890 J. Curtin tr. H. Sienkiewicz With Fire & Sword (1898) lvii. 675 ‘Allah!’ said the Khan, more and more astonished.
1891 D. A. Cameron Arabic-Eng. Vocab. (1892) Introd. 14 The Moslems reckon from a.d. 622, the date of the Flight..of Mahomed from Mecca to Medina.
1893 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 8 579 Though I could not work so long as I wished, having been stopped by the fast of Rhamadan, the excavations led to important results.
1896 H. C. Trumbull Threshold Covenant i. iv. 37 A Muhammadan is always careful to put his right foot first in crossing over the threshold of a mosk.
1898 Cent. Mag. Apr. 881/1 The old omdeh of the town and his head villagers met us at the outskirts.., thanking Allah for giving them the honor of our visit.
1900 Daily News 7 Apr. 5/5 A mosque lamp that is 14th century Arab work.
1161 in Publ. Pipe Roll Soc. (1927) IV. 10
Mahumet reddit Compotum de v m pro duello.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 14585
And bilæue þe hahȝe godd, & luuie heore mahimet.
1387▸a J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 33
Þe fifte leuynge [L. ritus] of Sarazynes bygan vndir Makomete [?a1475 anon. tr. Machomete; L. Machometo].
1390c Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 333
The holy lawes of oure Alkaron, Yeuen by goddes message Makomete [v.r.Makamete].
1390c Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 336
Makometes lawe [v.r. Macometis].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 245
Ayein the caliphe of Egipte.
1400c Mandeville's Trav. v. 36
Sahaladyn that toke the Califfe of Egypte and slough him.
1400c Mandeville's Trav. xxi. 230
The Calyphee of Baldah.
1425?a Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 114
Þaire tempill, þe whilk es called Moseak [?a1425 Titus Moseach; Fr.Meseache].
1425?a (▸a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. lxxxiv. f. 57v (MED),
I haue founden a false ymage þat men kallen a makemet in my self.
1425?a (▸c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 84
Alkaron..The whiche book Machamete toke hem.
1425?a (▸c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 90
Machomete was born in Arabye.
1425a (▸?c1384) Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 364 (MED),
Medle good wiþ þe yvel, for þus dide Machamete in his lawe.
1475c (▸a1400) Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 301 (MED),
Þe secte of macamethe takiþ meche of cristis secte.
1500a tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 92
This fals prophete gadred owt of the two Testamentis certeyn abstinences..which he callid the Fastes of the Moneþe of Ramaȝan [Fr. de mois Ramazan].
1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in P. Bawcutt Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 217
Saraȝene, symonyte..Machomete manesuorne.
1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay (1888) 105
The machometis and the turkis, the iowis and oder infidelis.
1533a Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) xliiii. sig. Iiv,
At the laste..Arthur founde two ymages of coper..and whan Arthur sawe them he toke his swerde in his hande & layde on with all his myght on these macomettes.
1544 in Lett. & Papers Henry VIII XIX. ii. 452
[The Turk made offers in his] muskaye.
1549a A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (?1555) xxxvii. sig. M.iiiiv,
I am a turk and machamytes law do kepe. [Also: Macomyt(e, -it(e.]
1551 W. Thomas tr. G. Barbaro Trav. Persia (1873) 10
He..was lodged in an auncient Moschea.
1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Fv,
Whom they honoure and reuerence as a great God & mighti Mahumet.
1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 88
Afterwarde thys doung-hel of Idolatry..set vp agayne her Idoles and mahomets.
1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 93*
Brought into our Churche Idolles and Mahomettes.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. Table f. 164v,
S. Sophia and other Mosques of Constantinople.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xvii. 102 b,
These devoute Dervis live of almes.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. xvii. 102
The thirde sect of the religious Turkes called Dervis.
1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 633
The Caliphaes of the Sarasins were kings and chiefe bishops.
1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 788
Called by the Calipha and Inhabitants of Caire.
1590 L. Lloyd Consent of Time 709
Neither the Arabians of their Hegyra.
1595 A. Hartwell tr. G. T. Minadoi Hist. Warres Turkes & Persians 110
Then they came to Messeardachan..& so to Biucardacan, belonging also to the Turkes, where they kept the feast of Ramadan [It. Ramadan], which till now they could not celebrate.
1599 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 203
The Mahumetans obserue a kinde of lent continuing one whole moone..called in their tongue [sc. prob. Turkish] Ramazan.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ii. 381
From this flight the Mahumetans fetch the originall of their Hegeira.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 151
Mahumets law affirmeth all kinde of diuinations to be vaine.
1601 W. Parry Trav. Sir A. Sherley 10
They are damned Infidels and Zodomiticall Mahomets.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 341 The Temple of S. Sophia..(now reduced vnto the forme of a Mahometan Moschie..) is most beautifull.
1607 (▸?a1425) Chester Plays (Harl. 2124) i. 197
For Mahometis, both one and all, that men of Egipt Gods can call, at your coming downe shall fall.
1609 R. C. True Hist. Disc. Muley Hamets Rising ii. sig. Bv,
His Embassage sent vnto her, Anno. 1601. performed by Abdala Wahad Anowne, and Hamet Alhadg, their great trauailer to Mecha, and other places.
1609 R. C. True Hist. Disc. Muley Hamets Rising vii. sig. C3/2,
Fokers, are men of good life, which are onely given to peace.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 113
The Turkes Romadan, which is their Lent, being ended.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 125
There is built in the place thereof [sc. the Temple at Jerusalem] a Muskia or Turkish Church.
1612 T. Shelton tr. Cervantes Don-Quixote iv. xiii. 465
The Christian died, and I know shee went not to the fire, but to Ala.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (1617) iii. ix. 325
Mahomet..therefore appointed publike Prayers in all the Mosques of his dominion.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 301
Then ariseth another Priest of another order called Imam, and readeth a Psalme aloude.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 311
These (they say) are friends to the Islams, that is, Catholike, or right-beleeving Musulmans.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 378
The Persians are a kinde of..Puritans in their impure Muhammedrie.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage I. i. xiii. 63
The story of this Bagded or Baldach and her Chalifs [also written chalipha].
1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 105
An African expressly affirms that in Mahumedisme were anciently lxxii. Sects, and now but two.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. ii. §3. 239
The state of the Caliphe.
1615 W. Bedwell (title)
Mohammedis imposturæ; that is, a discovery of the..forgeries, falshoods, and..impieties of..Mohammed.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L3,
Alhage, is a title of honour and dignitie amongst the Turkes, and is giuen to all such as haue visited the Alcaaba or sepulcher of Mohammed.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. L3v, at Amir,
One of the Chalifs.
1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. Nv,
Muslim, or Mussliman,..is one that is instructed in the beleefe of the Mohammetanes.
1624 T. Roe Negotiations (1740) 343
The building of so many Mahometan moschyes.
1625 Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 64
If the Hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet wil go to the hil.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. iii. v. 264
[Nicetas] Anathematiseth the Core, that is, Mahomets Scripture, and all his learning.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1533
These frames doe the Arabians and Persians in their owne language, call Chilminara:..for so they call those high narrow round steeples, which the Arabians have in their Mesquites.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. 1611
An order of Derueeshes, that turne round with Musike in their Diuine Seruice.
1625 tr. Surrender of Lantore in S. Purchas Pilgrimes I. v. xiv. 703
Our Religion of Islam doth not agree with the Christian Religion.
1625–6 S. Purchas Pilgrimes ii. 1609
Immediately after euery one is cleansed and come into the Moschea, the Eemawm which is the Parish Priest beginnes to pray.
1626 Methold in Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 4) 995
He is by Religion a Mahumetan, discended from Persian Ancestors, and retayneth their opinions, which differing in many points from the Turkes, are distinguished in their Sects by tearmes of Seaw and Sunnee.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vii. 316
Priests called Darvishes.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 159
The Turkes..call..themselues Sonnj, and Mussulmen, which is truly faithfull.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 36
They [sc. the Bannian Priests] hate Mahumed, and acknowledge one God and Creatour of all things.
1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie (1636) i. iii. 200
A Dervice, or religious man of theirs.
1638 W. Bruton Newes from E.-Indies 27
They are called Fuckeires.
1645a W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) iv. ii. 191
The daily denying my ransomer in the Mosquo of his adversary.
1650 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Descr. Grand Signor's Seraglio 120
The Ramazan time, which is their lent, & lasteth a whole moon.
1650 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Descr. Grand Signor's Seraglio 187
Those Turks which..would be accounted Sofees [margin. Puritans] do commonly read, as they walk along the streets.
1663 J. Beale Let. 29 Sept. in M. Hunter et al. Corr. R. Boyle (2001) II. 138
If wee attribute Divinity to this Agent Intellect, or to Memory (as some of the Acutest Schoolewits both Christians & Mahamedans have done) what shall wee say of the Memory of Dogs.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 271
Gunnet ..imposed that new Currawn as they term it upon the Persian.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 307
The Dervisse an order of begging Friar.
1667a P. Mundy Trav. (1914) II. xvi. 226
In our way were certaine Munaries or small Towers made Taperwise, built by King Ecbar.]
1671 Dryden Evening's Love iii. 47 Wild.
If she be turn'd Christian again I am undone. Jac. By Alha I am afraid on't too.
1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. v. §49
The present Mahometans..permit none to sit in their moschos.
1675 J. Covel Diary in Early Voy. Levant (1893) II. 188
The Moschs and Minarys (or steeples)..are very stately.
1675 J. Covel Diary in Early Voy. Levant (1893) II. 238
From the top of Sultan Selim's Mineret or steeple..was stretcht a rope right over the houses down into this yard.
1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 128
To hang like Mahomet, in th' Air, Or St. Ignatius, at his Prayer.
1679 L. Addison Life & Death Mahumed xv. 82
Speaking with one Cidi Absolom (upon his return from performing the Alhage to Mecca).
1681 L. Addison Moores Baffled 15
The last Month of the 1073 year of the Hegira.
1681 Moores Baffled 23
The Mahumedan Law.
1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece v. 364
They have built a Minoret, or tall, slender Steeple; out of which they make a Noise, to call People together, at their set times of Prayer, day and night.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 102
The director of the Prayers, who says the Prayers, and makes the rest say them;..in Turkey he is called the Imam.
1695 P. Motteux tr. F. Pidou de St. Olon Present State Morocco 43
On the Eve of that Ramadan, they prepare themselves for its observation by public Rejoycings.
1695 P. Motteux tr. F. Pidou de St. Olon Present State Morocco 72
Two Mosques, whose Minarets are of a considerable height.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 379
In their Ramzan, or on a Journey, they often expire for want of it [sc. opium].
1698 T. D'Urfey Campaigners Pref. 16
Cavils again with Iacinta, in the Mock Astrologer, for jesting with Alla, and honest Mahomet.
1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 14 Well has our holy Alha mark'd him out The Scourge of lawless Pride.
1704 J. Pitts True Acct. Mohammetans ix. 156 He..told me, that if he died on the way, I should be sure to perform theAlhage, or el Hagge.
1704 tr. P. Baldæus True Descr. Malabar & Coromandel in A. Churchill & J. Churchill Coll. Voy. III. 568/1 You shall take care to embark all the Facquiers.
1706 London Gaz. No. 4205/1, This being the Moon of Ramezan, during which it is the Custom of the Turks to fast by Day and feast by Night.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (ed. 6) , Mahomet or Muhammed, an Arabian Impostor.
1708 Ld. Shaftesbury Let. conc. Enthusiasm 41 There is hardly now in the World so good a Christian..who if he liv'd at Constantinople, or elsewhere under the Protection of the Turks, wou'd think it fitting or decent to give any Disturbance to their Mosque-Worship.
1708 S. Ockley Conquest of Syria I. 253 See you do not renounce Islâm.
1714 Sir R. Sutton Despatches 7 Oct. (1953) 204 An Audience of the Vizir Azem..by reason of the Ceremonies used by the Turks..in the later end of the Ramezan..was put off.
1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Apr. (1965) I. 319 They..go to the Mosque on fridays and the Church on Sundays.
1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 17 May (1965) I. 359 The outside of the Mosque is adorn'd with 4 Towers vastly high, gilt on the Top, from whence the Imaums call the people to prayers.
1721 J. Hughes Siege Damascus (ed. 2) iii. i. 38 The great Mahomet, Arabia's morning-star.
1725 J. Windus Journey to Mequinez 98 Giving the Articles to his Admiral, Al Hadge Abdelcader Peres (afterwards sent Ambassador to England).
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Sonna, There are also Sectaries among the Mahometans, called Sciaites, who reject the Traditions of the Sonnites.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 157 This Khalifa was the first who erected Minarets in the Mosques.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. vi. 186 A wandering Derwish, a devout Moor.
1730a T. Whincop Scanderbeg (1747) 50 By Allah, thou shalt die; call in our mutes.
1732 A. Bower Historia Litteraria 3 20 The Moslems came to the Lake of Tiberias, and coasted round it in Battle-array.
1734 G. Sale tr. Koran 16 This is the Caaba, which is usually called, by way of eminence, the House.
1734 G. Sale tr. Koran Prelim. Disc. 181 The third Khalif of the race of al Abbâs.
1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Lett. Study Hist. (1777) iv. 97 Maraccio's refutation of the Koran.
1744 Trav. C. Thompson III. 267 They are not the dancing Dervises, of which Sort there are none in Egypt.
1747 tr. Mem. Nutrebian Court II. 197 From all parts of the neighbouring kingdom had drawn mahomets, coptics, and idolaters.
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea III. v. 35 The sect of Sunni comprehends the Turks, some of the Tartars, the subjects of the Moghol, with some other nations of less note.
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea III. xii. 77, I am a Sunni, as my ancestors were.
1757 D. Hume Nat. Hist. Relig. in Four Diss. i. 106 The Rhamadan of the Turks..must be more severe, than the practice of any moral duty.
1759 Mod. Pt. Universal Hist. II. 42 The Sonnites make use of the word Shiites, or Shii, and apply it to their adversaries, as a term of reproach.
1760 Johnson Idler 22 Mar. 89 The Favour of three successive Califs.
1761 Ann. Reg. 1760 87 All the minerets..were thrown down.
1761 L. Scrafton Refl. Govt. Indostan i. 29 Bestowing a part of their plunder on..Faquirs.
1773 W. Duff Hist. Rhedi 88 The ever merciful Allah..whose reinvigorating influence I felt upon my mind.
1773a A. Butler Moveable Feasts Catholic Church (1839) IV. iii. 104 Mahometans, before their Ramadan, or Lent..for some time refrain from all feastings.
1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor xvi. 48 Amid these the tall minarees rise, and white houses glitter, dazzling the beholder.
1776 R. Chandler Trav. Greece x. 48 The Turks..had erected a pulpit..for their Iman or reader.
1776 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad vii. 313 (note) They have long submitted to the oppressions of a few Arabs, their Mohammedan masters.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. 24/2 An open scoffer at the Moslem faith.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. p. xiii/2 The era of Mohammed.
1777 J. Richardson Dict. Persian, Arabic & Eng. I. Dissert. p. xli/1 Many of the Mohammedans having a custom of carrying about them verses or chapters of the Alcoran, by way of preservatives or charms.
1779 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 270, I could not justify to myself to give to the synagogue, the mosque, or the pagoda, the language which your pulpits so liberally bestow upon a great part of the Christian world.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxviii. 93 (note) , The Moors of Spain, who secretly preserve the Mahometan religion, above a century,..possessed the Koran, with the peculiar use of the Arabic tongue.
1781 Gibbon Decline & Fall l.
1786 S. Henley Notes in tr. W. Beckford Arabian Tale 213 Caliph..comprehends the concrete character of prophet, priest, and king.
1788 F. Gladwin Hist. Hindostan 49 Mohammedism first appeared in Cashmeer about the commencement of the eighth century of the Hegira.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lviii. 48 The Moslems soon found, that..resistance was impotent.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxiv. 294 The most powerful of the Moslem princes.
1788 Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxviii. 509 The same model was imitated in the jami or royal moschs.
1788 W. Marsden in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 78 414 The era of the Mahometans, called by them the Hejerà, or Departure.
1791 C. Hamilton tr. Ali Ibn Abi Bakr Hedàya II. p. xvii, Having arrived at Koofa, and engaged two assistants, he, on Friday the 17th of Ramzan, A. H. 40, waylaid the Khàlif as he was going to the Mosque.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 571 Some of them called Souffees, who are a kind of quietists.
1797 J. Dallaway Constantinople 128 The more ingenious are instructed in islàm, and the sciences it deems lawful.
1798 J. Tweddell Remains (1815) I. 235 One of the minarehs of St. Sophia.
1798 N. B. Edmonstone tr. Tipu Sultan in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 82 The illustrious Kaaba is the object of veneration to the followers of truth.
1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 p. xxiii, Two Sects, the one of whom assumed the Title of Sooney (or Orthodox), and who branded the opposite Party with the opprobrious Epithet of Shiah (or Heterodox).
1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800: Misc. Tracts 121/1 These transactions occurred in the 38th year of the Hejira.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. lix. 90 Ramazani's fast Through the long day its penance did maintain.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. lxiii. 92 The pilgrim..gaz'd around on Moslem luxury.
1812 Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II ii. xxxvii. 79 The cross descends, thy minarets arise.
1812 T. Moore Twopenny Post Bag vi. 24 You know our Sunnites, hateful dogs! Whom every pious Shiite flogs Or longs to flog.
1813 Byron Giaour (ed. 4) 14 Nor there the Fakeer's self will wait.
1814 Byron Corsair ii. ii. 33 And less to conquest than to Korans trust.
1814 R. Southey Roderick xx. 242 The subjected West Should bow in reverence at Mahommed's name.
1814 Spaniards i. iii, Thou art my country's foe, an Islam in thy creed.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. v. 208 The beauty of the Soofee system.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. v. 213 The fast of the Ramzaun is..strictly observed; and..is felt as a real hardship.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul Introd. 62 The mystical doctrines of the Sofees.
1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iv. vii. 540 The Imaums of towns have fees on marriages, burials, and some other ceremonies, and are maintained by them and the gifts of their congregation.
1816 Byron Siege Corinth ii. 8 The crescent shines Along the Moslem's leaguering lines.
1817 C. Mills Hist. Muhammedanism 369 Down to the fifteenth century, the Persians fluctuated between the Sonnite and Shiite sects.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India I. iii. iii. 510 A Dirvesh, or professor of piety.
1817 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) IV. 760 An extramundane homo magus, from whom the world had its being, the Allah of Mahometan Mono-idolism.
1817a J. L. Burckhardt Trav. Syria & Holy Land (1822) 326 An Olema thinks he has attained the pinnacle of knowledge if he can recite all the Koran together with some thousand of Hadeath, or sentences of the Prophet.
1821 Byron Don Juan: Canto III xxix. 17 Like dervises, who turn as on a pivot.
1822 Shelley Hellas 13 The moon of Mahomet Arose, and it shall set.
1822 Shelley Hellas 45 Poor faint smile Of dying Islam.
1822 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater 126 A Lent or Ramadan of abstinence from opium.
1825 R. Heber Jrnl. 25 Feb. in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) II. xxiv. 76 A new Sunnite teacher..thought proper to distinguish himself by a furious attack on the Sheeite heresy from the pulpit.
1827 J. S. Buckingham Trav. Mesopotamia II. 487 The inhabitants he [sc. a Dervish] described as mostly Mohammedans, and of the Soonnee sect.
1828 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. III. xix. 524 My commands are,..that praises be offered up in every mosk.
1832 G. A. Herklots tr. Customs Moosulmans 206 The first class of Durwayshes is denominated Salik.
1832 W. Irving Alhambra I. 145 Mohammedan worship.
1833 A. Crichton Hist. Arabia I. vii. 334 Pillars of the Sonnee faith.
1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iii. 110 It is not by the visit to Mek′keh..that the Moos′lim acquires the title of el-hha′gg (or the pilgrim).
1836 E. W. Lane Acct. Manners & Customs Mod. Egyptians I. iii. 97 The public worship of the Moos′lims.
1836 Partington's Brit. Cycl. Lit., etc. III. 769/2 The Mohammedans [in Sinde] are all Soonees, and most of them of the sect of Haneefee.
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. III. xvi. ii. 267 The califs of Bagdad.
1839 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 18 The..menaret of each mosque.
1839 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 379 The muëddins on the menarehs had chanted the Selam of Friday.
1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 299/1 This retreat happened on the 16th of July, 622, and has been adopted as the Mohammedan æra called Hejra.
1841 E. Robinson Bibl. Res. Palestine I. 352 The tract around this tank [sc. the Upper Pool]..is occupied as a Muslim cemetery.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 62 A person..does not..become free, unless he flies from a foreign infidel master to a Muslim country, and there becomes a Mohammadan.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. iii. 316 To dispose him to question the infallible authority of the Korán.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. xii. iii. 651 The Sunni religion.
1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes ii. 104 All Moslem are bound to study it [sc. the Koran].
1847 R. W. Emerson Poems 161 Barefooted Dervish is not poor, If fate unlock his bosom's door.
1849 W. Irving Mahomet ii, He contented himself..with the modest title of Caliph, that is to say, successor, by which the Arab sovereigns have ever since been designated.
1850 F. W. Newman Phases of Faith 161 Mohammedism..conquers those Pagan creeds which are morally inferior to it.
1852 E. B. Eastwick tr. Mir Amman Bāgh o Bahār 10 Adventures of the Four Darweshes.
1854 Eclectic Rev. Mar. 358 The great bulk of the other tribes, and principally of the Tshetshenes, have been converted to the Islam of the Sunnite form.
1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity II. iv. i. 17 The temple of the Caaba was at once..the centre of the commerce and of the religion of Arabia.
1855 R. F. Burton Personal Narr. Pilgrimage to El-Medinah II. xxi. 281 In fact, justice at El Medinah is administered in perfect conformity with the Shariat or Holy Law.
1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. vii. i. 326 Those Sufis who proclaimed the difference between the Church and the Mosque of little moment.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits viii. 135 Every cell of the Inquisition, every Turkish caaba, every Holy of holies.
1859 Ballou's Dollar Monthly Mag. Sept. 223/2 May the light blind him and the dark sting him. Before Allah, I believe Caliph Hassan has my daughter!
1860 J. L. Krapf Trav. E. Afr. i. vi. 73 The fiery and proselytizing Islams would probably have overrun equatorial Africa from east to west.
1861 Dickens Tom Tiddler's Ground i, in All Year Round Extra Christmas No. 12 Dec. 1/2 A Hindoo fakeer's ground.
1865 J. G. Whittier David Watson in Prose Wks. (1889) I. 316 At the season called Ramadan, he was left at leisure for a whole week.
1867 M. E. Herbert Cradle Lands vii. 173 We reached a wall and gateway with inscriptions from the Kurán.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 51 The minarets and the castle which crowns the highest position produce a striking effect.
1869 M. Wilks' Sk. S. India (ed. 2) II. xlviii. 381 The projects of Jehad—holy war.
1869 Pall Mall Gaz. 7 Jan. 10 Whirling about all round you like dancing dervishes.
1872 J. R. Lowell Dante in Prose Wks. (1890) IV. 149 A Soofi who has passed the fourth step of initiation.
1872 W. G. Palgrave Ess. on Eastern Questions iii. 96 The Koorde, while adopting the nomenclature of Mahometanism, fails to grasp the meaning: his ‘Allah’ is degraded from a universal to a particular god; his ‘Islam’ implies no brotherhood beyond that of his own clan.
1874 J. Morley On Compromise 138 A fakir would not be an estimable figure in our society.
1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 677/2 The Persian Sufis specially distinguished themselves by their practice of abstinence and solitary meditation.
1875 J. W. Kaye Hist. Sepoy War III. iv. 167 To collect money and preach the Moslem Jehad.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 25 The mosque of Sultan Hassan,..perhaps the most beautiful in the Moslem world.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 30 A Mahommedan mosque is as much a place of refuge and rest as of prayer.
1877 A. B. Edwards Thousand Miles up Nile ii. 37 And now, their guttural chorus audible long before they arrived in sight, came the howling dervishes.
1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 113/2 Shi'at or Sher'iat, i.e. legal religion under the supervision of a murshid.
1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. C. P. Tiele Outl. Hist. Relig. 99 The severe asceticism in which the Moslims were soon to rival Christians and Buddhists.
1877 J. E. Carpenter tr. C. P. Tiele Outl. Hist. Relig. 99 With this gloomy conception of deity corresponds the view taken by Islâm of the world.
1878 A. Burnell in Academy 28 Dec. 604/1 On medicine eleven Hindu books and one Muhammadan were published last year.
1880 A. Rumsey (title) Moohummudan Law of Inheritance.
1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 367/2 Rejecting the Hadith, or traditional sayings of Mahomet.
1880 Gen. Roberts in Daily News 14 Feb. 2/4 The Mollahs have been preaching a jehad or religious war.
1881 Sir W. Hunter in Encycl. Brit. XII. 792/1 Muhammad commonly known as Mahomet.
1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 594/2 The traditions of Mohammed, or Hadíth, the collective body of which constitutes the Sunna, or custom.
1883 Sunday at Home 11 The Káabeh..is a plain unornamented oblong of massive masonry, 38 feet by 30 square, and 40 feet high, covered with a heavy black cloth, of a fabric of mixed silk and cotton, which has a richly embroidered band worked in bullion, about two and a half feet deep, encircling it about ten feet from the top, with the Kalumna, the Moslem profession of faith, wrought in gold letters.
1884 F. Boyle On Borderland 257 The chief imam condemned such an interpretation of the law.
1884 J. Payne Tales from Arabic I. 49 (note) , The orthodox Muslim, whose only meals in Ramazan-time are made between sunset and dawn-peep.
1885 Trans. Soc. Biblical Archæol. 8 384 All the sects..which now inhabit the lands of the Bible..call upon the Lord, the God of the Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans, in the name of ‘Allah’.
1886 C. R. Conder Syrian Stone-lore (1896) ix. 342 (note) , The ‘path’, the final ‘unity’ with God, the disbelief in all creeds, [etc.]..which form the great Sufi doctrines, are purely Buddhist.
1888 S. S. Allnutt in Suppl. Cambr. Rev. 15 Mar. p. lxii/2 The orthodox Muhammadan in India would disdain to use the prayer, and brands the user of it as a forsaker of the truth (Ráfiz).
1889 Menorah Jan. 15 Thou..art an Islam true.
1890 J. Curtin tr. H. Sienkiewicz With Fire & Sword (1898) lvii. 675 ‘Allah!’ said the Khan, more and more astonished.
1891 D. A. Cameron Arabic-Eng. Vocab. (1892) Introd. 14 The Moslems reckon from a.d. 622, the date of the Flight..of Mahomed from Mecca to Medina.
1893 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 8 579 Though I could not work so long as I wished, having been stopped by the fast of Rhamadan, the excavations led to important results.
1896 H. C. Trumbull Threshold Covenant i. iv. 37 A Muhammadan is always careful to put his right foot first in crossing over the threshold of a mosk.
1898 Cent. Mag. Apr. 881/1 The old omdeh of the town and his head villagers met us at the outskirts.., thanking Allah for giving them the honor of our visit.
1900 Daily News 7 Apr. 5/5 A mosque lamp that is 14th century Arab work.