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    • Rectified Numbering of the Major Arcana
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    • The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, by A.E. Waite
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​An Attempt to Date 

the Episcopal Succession In the Early Church

Apprentice Thomas

November, 2012

Master suggested that I try original research and, to that end, I chose the topic of the Apostolic Succession of the Papacy. The following is a graphic presentation of the Popes who are currently (as of 2012) numbered 206 to 242 with their Episcopal Succession, if applicable. A discussion follows the pictures. The form  used for the following will be "year of birth-year of consecration -year of death". If there is no consecration it will be shown as "xxxx" for the year of consecration.  Popes are listed in bold.

I have included representations of the Popes. An inspiring apprentice to an apprentice would do well to comment on the evolution of the Papal depictions. Hint: less skill and knowledge of geometry are needed to paint in profile. Eugene 4, Nicholas 5, Sixtus 4 are examples of this anomaly. Non profile depictions become the standard commencing with Julius 2. 
1417-1464
Allarmet de Brogny
????-xxxx-1426
|
Martin 5
1368-1417-1431
Gregory 12

​1327-xxxx-1417

​|
Eugene 4
1383-1408-1447
​Nicholas 5
​

1397-1447-1455
​de Foix

​1386-xxxx-1464

​|
​Callistus 3
1378-1429-1458
​de Carvajal

​1399-xxxx-1469

​|
Pius 2
1405-1447-1464
1464-1503
Paul 2
1417-xxxx-1471






​

Not Consecrated
​D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
Innocent 8
1432-xxxx-1492








Not Consecrated​
Alexander 6
1432-xxxx-1503






​
​
Not Consecrated
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|

della Rovere
1443-1481-1513
|
Pius 3
1439-1503-1503
1503-1549
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513





​

​
Not 
​Consecrated
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-x-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
Ribera Toledo
????-1508-1543
|
Hadrian 6
1459-xxx-1523








​


Not Consecrated
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-x-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-x-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Paul 3 
1468-1519-1549
1550-1572
Veltri
????-xxxx-????
|
del Monte
1461-1506-1533
|
Julius 3
1487-1514-1555
​
Paul 4
1476-1505-1559
|
Marcellus 2
1501-1555-1555
​Paul 4
1476-1505-1559
Archinto
1494-xxxx-1558
|
Pius 4
1499-1546-1565
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534
|
San Severino
1477-1531-1543
|
Saraceni 
1498-1536-1568
| 
Pius 5 
1504-1556-1572
1572-1591
Gregory 13
1502-xxxx-1585





Not Consecrated
Lauro
????-xxxx-1577
|
Sixtus 5
1521-1567-1590
Verallo
1497-xxxx-1555
|
Urban 7
1521-1553-1590

​
Serbelloni
1519-xxxx-1591
|
Borromeo
1538-1563-1610
|
Gregory 14
1535-1564-1591
Innocent 9
1519-xxxx-1591



​

Not Consecrated
1592-1644
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
​|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Paul 3 
1468-1519-1549
|
 Pisani 
1494-1527-1570
|
di Conza (Gonza)
1540-1564-1603
|
Clement 8
1536-1592-1605
​
de Taurra
1472-xxxx-1545
|
Gravella
1517-1542-1586
|
​
de Villena (Toledo)
1508-1567-1579
|
Leo 11
1535-xxxx-1605



























​
​
Not Consecrated
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 
​

1453-x-1513
​|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Paul 3 
1468-1519-1549
|
Pisani 
1494-1527-1570
|
di Conza (Gonza)
1540-1564-1603
|
Clement 8
1536-1592-1605
|
Paul 5
​

1552-1597-1621
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 
​

1453-xxxx-1513
​|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Paul 3 
1468-1519-1549
|
Pisani 
1494-1527-1570
|
di Conza (Gonza)
1540-1564-1603
|
Clement 8
1536-1592-1605
|
Paul 5

​1552-1597-1621
​|
Caffarelli-Borghese 
1576-1610-1633
|
Gregory 15
​

1554-1612-1623   ​
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 
​

1453-xxxx-1513
​|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534
|
San Severino
1477-1531-1543
|
Saraceni 
1498-1536-1568
| 
Pius 5 
1504-1556-1572
|  
Avalos de Aragon 
1535-1566-1600 
|    
Gonzaga 
​

1542-1585-1593
|  
Blondas de Montealto 
?-1588-1618
|    
Urban 8 
1568-1604-1644
1644-1689
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534 
|
Aldobrandini 
1571-1604-1621
|
Zacchia
1565-1605-1637
|
Barberini Sr.
1569-1625-1646
|
Innocent 10
​

1574-1626-1655
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534
|
San Severino
1477-1531-1543
|
Saraceni 
1498-1536-1568
| 
Pius 5 
1504-1556-1572
|  
​
Avalos de Aragon 
1535-1566-1600 
|    
Gonzaga 
​
1542-1585-1593
|  
Blondas de Montealto 
????-1588-1618​
|    

Urban 8 
1568-1604-1644
|
Torres
1584-1621-1642
|
Brancaccio
1592-1627-1678
|
Balaguer Camarosa
????-1635-1663
|
Alexander 7 
1599-1635-1667
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-x-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534 
|
Aldobrandini 
1571-1604-1621
|   
Zacchia 
1565-1605-1637
|
Barberini Sr.
1569-1625-1646
|
Clement 9 
​

 1600-1644-1669
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-x-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
 1474-1513-1521
|
Paul 3 
1468-1519-1549
|
Pisani 
1494-1527-1570 
|  
di Conza(Gonza) 
1540-1564-1603
|
Clement 8 
1536-1592-1605
| 
Paul 5 
​

1552-1597-1621
|

Caffarelli-Borghese
1576-1610-1633
|
Clement 10
​

1590-1627-1670    ​
Macchiaveli
1608-xxxx-1653
|
Innocent 11
1611-1651-1689

​
1689-1700
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534  
​
|
Aldobrandini 
1571-1604-1621
|
​
Zacchia 
1565-1605-1637
|
Barberini Sr.
1569-1625-1646
​
|
Bragadin      
1591-1629-1658 
|
Alexander 8 
1610-1654-1691
​
D’Estouteville 
1403-xxxx-1483
|
Sixtus 4 
1414-1471-1484
|
Julius 2 

1453-xxxx-1513
|
Riario 
1460-1504-1521
|
Leo 10 
1474-1513-1521
|
Clement 7
1478-1517-1534   
​
|
Aldobrandini 
1571-1604-1621
|
​Zacchia 

1565-1605-1637
|
Barberini Sr.
1569-1625-1646
|
Bragadin
1541-1629-1658
|
Franciotti
1592-1637-1666
|
Innocent 12 
1615-1652-1700

Discussion
​

The reason why the list ends with Innocent 12 is that the succeeding Popes (and over 90% of current Bishops) are from the Rebiba line, whereas the largest number of the above Popes are from the d'Estouteville line (17 out of 37 Popes).

Perhaps the most interesting consecration was Innocent 11 (240) by Francesco Maria Macchiavelli in 1651.

The following list of Popes were not consecrated as Bishops. Although these men were not Bishops, they are still considered rightful Popes by the Roman Church. Therefore, Apostolic Succession, as taught by the Roman Church, is not important as one might believe or their records would be more extant.
​
Number
211
213
214
216
218
226
230
232
Name
Paul 2
Innocent 8
Alexander 6
Julius 2
Hadrian 6
Gregory 13
Innocent 9
Leo 11
Years Reigned
1464-1471
1484-1492
1492-1503
1503-1513
1522-1523
1572-1585
1591-1591
1605-1605
One could infer that either the above Popes did not know of Episcopal consecration or they did not think it was important.

We must remember that with the construction of the "new" Saint Peter's Basilica, all Papal tombs before 1505 are "lost". In 1453, Hagia Sophia was immediately converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest.  Before 1481, a minaret was added to the southwest corner. and between 1481 and 1509, a minaret was added to the northeast corner.  Hagia Sophia Minor (or Little) remained a church until it was converted into a mosque between 1506 and 1513. One could argue that "new" Saint Peter's was built because the Ottomans were building the largest mosque in the world and the Papacy created the world's largest church as a response to the construction, and not the conversion, of Hagia Sophia.

blue mosque

​The Blue Mosque (left) was built between 1609 and 1616.

Hagia Sophia  (right) was allegedly built in 360.

Clearly, Islam in the 17th century was not reluctant to borrow from Christian architecture. 

hagia sophia
Based on the Episcopal lineage of the early Popes from d'Estouteville, one would be tempted to think that Apostolic succession was a product of the French church. Iraenaus (allegedly 115, 125,130 or 142 AD to 202 AD), Bishop of Lyon, was a hearer of Polycarp who, in turn, heard John the Evanglist. The following is a list of Ordinaries for Lyon, France with the dates of their Episcopacy.
de Tarentaise      1272 to 1273
de Boulogn          1340 to 1342
de Rohan             1504 to 1536
​
It is interesting that Lyon, the city of the "Father of Apostolic Succession", has an ordinary consistently appointed only since 1504. The Archbishop de Tarentaise is better known as Innocent 5 (1224?-xxxx-1276) and Archbishop de Boulogn consecrated Gregory 11 in 1371. We can understand that there is no concept of traditional  Episcopal succession or Apostolic succession in Lyon until the 16th century. In the mid 16th century, the council of Trent defined Apostolic succession, but as late as the elections of Innocent 9 (230) in 1591 and of Leo 11 (232) in 1605, we find Popes who are not consecrated Bishops. Clearly, the "ancient" tradition of Apostolic Succession only dates from the 16th, if not the 17th century. 

Just as the Mormons say that they are Christians, so the Roman Church states there is a list of valid Popes and some of these are unconsecrated valid Popes. However, a Bishop must be consecrated and, therefore, two lists for the episcopacy for the church in Rome must exist-one list includes valid Popes and the other list includes the Bishops of Rome. A logical deduction is that an unconsecrated priest can not be a bishop, but he can be Pope. The oddity of this fact is that all consecrated Bishops of Rome are valid Popes, but not all valid Popes are consecrated Bishops of Rome.  

This paradox was noticed and the following valid Popes were consecrated after their election.
​
243 
249 
250 
254 
Clement 11
Clement 14
Pius 6
Gregory 16
1700
1769
1775
1831
​
Since the time of Gregory 16, all Cardinals must be Bishops and the problem of having the seat of the Bishop of Rome vacant no longer exists.
In conclusion, although the starting point of the inquiry of the early episcopal succession  arbitrarily begins with  Martin 5 (reigned 1471-1432), until Pius 3 (reigned 1503) there was no ancient or lengthy Apostolic Succession tradition, unless one states that this tradition began with d'Estouteville who was not consecrated for the episcopacy and lived from 1403 to 1483. Apostolic succession commencing with Saint Peter is based on "tradition" only and this "traditional" dating cannot have existed before the 15th century based upon what we know about the behavior of the Bishops of Rome and the Papacy.

This tradition can not be based on extant documentary evidence-unless one wants to state that Guillaume ("Billy" to his friends) d'Estouteville was one of the twelve Apostles. At this time, I am only an apprentice and I am not prepared to imply that d'Estouteville was a Bishop of the early Christian Church. 
​
bishop d'estouteville
Bishop d'Estouteville
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