An Attempt To Date
the City of Rome
October 3, 2014
G.D.O'Bradovich III
citations
Over 83 citations from the Oxford English Dictionary are referenced in our attempt to date the city of Rome. Secondary sources are in red.
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) ii. iv. 44
Ond nu ure cristne Roma bespricð þæt hiere wealles for ealdunge brosnien, nales na for þæm þe hio mid forheriunge swa gebismrad wære swa Babylonia wæs. Ac heo for hiere cristendome nugiet is gescild.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1067,
Of geleaffullan & æðelan cynne heo [sc. Margaret] wæs asprungon, hire fæder wæs Eadward æþeling, Eadmundes sunu kynges, Eadmund Æþelreding, Æþelred Eadgaring, Eadgar Eadreding, & swa forð on þæt cynecynn, & hire modorcynn gæð to Heinrice casere, þe hæfde anwald ofer Rome.
OE Bidding Prayer (York) in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) 27 10
Wutan we gebiddan for urne papan on Rome, and for urne cyning.
OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 228
And II salteras, & se þriddan saltere swa man singð on Rome.
OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 204
Þa ferdon soðlice twegen cempan þa wæron genemde Antiochus and Achaius, þa ær wæron under Eustachius handa, and þurhferdon ealle þa land þe into Rome hyrdon, oððæt hi comon þær he wunode.
OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) 6 (table of contents)
Ðæt Bryttas fram Scottum & Peohtum wæron forhergode; & hi to Rome him fultumes bædon.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123,
Ða com se ærcebiscop of Cantwarabyrig & wæs ðære fulle seoueniht ær he mihte cumen to þes papes spræce... Ac þet ofercom Rome þet ofercumeð eall weoruld, þet is gold & seolure.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 2818
Þa comen liðen þa weore þa Rom-leoden [c1300 Otho þat weren Romleode].
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4512
Kinbelin..weorede Rome-þeode wið vncuðe leode.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4598
He bigon to senden ȝeond al þan Romleoden [c1300 Otho ouer al Romleode].
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13188
France heo biwunnen and seoððen heo..biȝeten Rome.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13921
He..wold..Rome walles rihten þe ȝare weoren to-fallen.
Pre 1300: 12 citations, 4 primary
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 1553
Þourgh Rome stretes, wide and side, Þe ferthe maister þer com ride.
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 2223
He com to Rome ȝate.
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 818 (MED),
Þe heghe emperour of Rom [rhyme com] Went adoun of his tour.
1387 ▸a J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 407 (MED),
Holdeþ þe Ester day in dewe tyme, and ȝeve bapteme in þe manere of þe chirche of Rome.
1400a (▸a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22241
All kingrikes þat rome was vnder, Fra lauerd-hed o rome þam sundre.
1400c (▸1391) Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. l. 28
Ryht as diuerse pathes leden diuerse folk the rihte wey to Roome.]
14th Century: 6 citations, 2 primary
1413a (▸c1385) Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 36
Euery wyght whiche that to rome went Halt nat al o path or alwey o manere.
1430?c (▸?1383) Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 281 (MED),
Howevere we speken of dispensacion of þe Bischop of Rome, þis symonyent mot do verey pennaunce.
1440c (▸?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 228 (MED),
There ryngnede neuer syche realtee within Rome walles.
1450a (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 3460
Þyse wer gon to Lumbardye To procure Rome more partye.
1457? J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.:Hammond) 236 (MED),
The Emperour of Rome, Sir Sygismounde..had his stall vpon the kynges lifte honde In the Colage of seynt George.
1470 ▸a Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 188
Thus have we evydence inowghe to the empyre of hole Rome.
1475c Proverbs (Rawl. D.328) in Mod. Philol. (1940) 38 122
Whan tho herd hat Rome, Do so of ther þe dome.
1475c (▸?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED),
In þe court of Rome mai no man geyt no grace, but if it be bowt.
1500a (▸a1375) Octavian (Calig.) l. 918 (MED),
Ech lord lette wyth dolour Þe se of Rome.
1500a (▸c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 3534
Þe Saxonys..Agane Rome rasse wiþe mekyl mycht.
1500a (1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 371 (MED),
I had leuer go to rome, yei thryse, on my fete, Then forto grefe yonde grome.
15th Century: 11 citations, 2 primary
1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xcv. sig. Bb.iv,
The pleasaunt place of Constantinoble, whiche was the newe Rome.
1515? Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.i,
Yf ony of vs thre be mayre of london I wys y wys I wyll ryde to rome on my thom.
1536a in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols, & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 130
Whan thou art at Rome, do after the dome; And whan þou art els wher, do as they do ther.
1537 T. Starkey Let. 26 Jan. in Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xlvii,
The wych you perauenture wyl impute to thys defectyon from Rome.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 248v,
One of the olde souldyours of Roome.
1543 (▸1464) Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 273 (MED),
He gate..Isabell, the wyfe of Frederyk, Emperoure of Rome, [a lorde full] poletyk.
1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) f. 51v,
With this laten prouerbe agreeth yt which is commonly in euery mans mouth in England Whan yu art at Rome, do as they do at Rome.
1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) sig.
Div, Ye may use this prouerbe when ye wol signifie that one daye..is not ynoughe for..acheuinge..a great matter..Rome was not buylt in one day.
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. sig.
Div, Rome was not bylt on a daie (quoth he) & yet stood Tyll it was fynysht, as some saie, full fayre.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 48
As farre as hence to Rome gates.
1556a N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) ii. ii. sig. C.iiij,
But what should I home againe without answere go? It were better go to Rome on my head than so.
1561 W. Maitland Let. 10 Aug. in G. Cook Hist. Reformation Scotl. (1819) III. App. p. xl,
If this cannot be brought to pass, then I see well, at length it will be hard for me to dwell in Rome and strive with the Pope.
1564 N. Haward in tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. ix. f. 114 (side-note)
Rome walles new made.
1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 95
The Pope calleth the Emperour, Emperour of Roome, and..yet can hee haue no more roome in Rome, then it pleaseth the Pope to permit vnto him.
1591 J. Florio Second Frutes i. 97
Be Romane if in Rome thou bide.
1594 Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 82
These that suruiue, let Rome reward with loue.
1598a D. Fergusson Sc. Prov. (1641) sig. F2,
Ye may not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.
1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder Ep. Ded.,
Me thinkes I could flye to Rome (at least hop to Rome, as the olde Prouerb is) with a morter on my head.
16th Century: 18 citations, 13 primary
1509: First reference to the new Rome; Constantinople.
1545: First references to "Rome not built.." and "When in Rome...".
1598: First reference to "Not sit in Rome...".
1600: Reference to the proverb of hopping to Rome.
9 primary references that are not proverbs.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 13
Yet haue the Sarasins attempted both Romes; they haue besieged Constantinople, and haue wasted..the Sea coasts of Italy.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 21
In the decrees of Emperours, mention is made of two Romes: one, the olde, which is the true Rome, built by Romulus; the other, the new, which is Constantinople.
1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxv. 63
But Rome was not built all in a day.
1613 E. Cary Trag. Mariam iv. ii. sig. F,
May you long in prosperous fortunes liue With Rome commanding Caesar.
1614 A. I. in A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia To Transl. sig. A5v,
Lucans Spaine-borne, Rome-bred, Muse-nurc't wit.
1616a Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. v. 205
Hee'l go, he sayes, and sole the Porter of Rome Gates by th' eares.
1616a Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 70
King Iohn hath reconcil'd Him~selfe to Rome.
1621 R. Crakanthorpe Def. Constantine 330
Aeneas Syluius [i.e. Pope Pius II] cals, the sacred Empire of Rome, Romanam regiam potestatem, the Regall power of the Romanes.
1624 F. Quarles Job Militant x. xxix,
Who, that did e're behold the ancient Rome, Would rashly give her Glorie such a doome?
1640a J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. 2v/2,
He did measure the starres with a false yard, and may now travaile to Rome with a morter on's head to see if he can recover his mony that way.
1641 W. Laud Recantation Prelate of Canterbury 38
It is certainly a great losse, not to have the Parliaments affection, and very hard (as they say) to sit in Rome, and strive against the Pope.
1642a B. J. Trag. Hist. Guy Earl of Warwick (1661) sig. A4v,
Old. But whither wilt thou go soon ha? Clow. Faith Father,Romo Romulus, even to Rome, Morter morteribus, with a Morter on my Head.
1654 J. Bramhall Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. ccxciii. 612
Your selves have preached so much against Rome, and his Holiness, that Rome and her Romanists will be little the better for that Change.
1661 H. Adis Fannaticks Alarm 23
Is not that great Goliah of our times, defying the Host of the Israel of God, that Rome-bred Monster, Persecution?
1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxix. 375
Rome was not built in a day, nor is a Reformation in the true Law-sense effectable presently.
1666a R. Blair Autobiogr. (1848) 37 [Reportedly said in Glasgow Cathedral in 1621]
He [sc. Robert Boyd] uttered his indignation in very high words..; for he said, ‘I will not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.’
1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 5
Whilst one is at Rome, one must live as they do there.
1671 Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 80
All Nations now to Rome obedience pay.
1673 H. Hickman Hist. Quinq-articularis 431,
I will not ask, How..it came to pass, that not one Contraremonstrant ever went over to Rome?
17th Century: 19 citations, 14 primary
1603: Reference to both Romes.
1610: Not built reference.
1641: Strive reference
1663: Not built reference.
1670: While in Rome reference.
9 primary citations that are not proverbs.
1711 Pope Ess. Crit. 39
From the same Foes, at last, both felt their Doom, And the same Age saw Learning fall, and Rome.
1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellamy Ramblin' Jack (1936) 164
His Answer was, when we was in Rhoome, we must doe as Roome did.
1769 T. Gray Ode at Installation Duke of Grafton 6
The majestic Lord, That broke the bonds of Rome.
1771a T. Gray Agrippina in Poems (1775) 131
The willing homage Of prostrate Rome.
1776 A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 202
But Rome was not built in a day.
1780 W. Cowper Boadicea 17
Rome..Tramples on a thousand states.
1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. II. vi. ii. 279
Hyona [i.e. Iona] may be regarded as the Rome of Pikland, supporting its own power and interest, by keeping the subjects of its church in ignorance.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1784 II. 499
He argued in defence of some of the peculiar tenets of the Church of Rome.
1792 G. Galloway Poems 40
Pit [= put] sandals on, Or bare-foot scud like Rome-believers.
1795 tr. M. Ehrenstrom Let. 15 Mar. 1793 in tr. Baron Armfelt Corr. xlvii. 67
This difference in the choice of our means ought not to stop our career. All roads lead to Rome.
18th Century: 10 citations, 6 primary
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) ii. iv. 44
Ond nu ure cristne Roma bespricð þæt hiere wealles for ealdunge brosnien, nales na for þæm þe hio mid forheriunge swa gebismrad wære swa Babylonia wæs. Ac heo for hiere cristendome nugiet is gescild.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1067,
Of geleaffullan & æðelan cynne heo [sc. Margaret] wæs asprungon, hire fæder wæs Eadward æþeling, Eadmundes sunu kynges, Eadmund Æþelreding, Æþelred Eadgaring, Eadgar Eadreding, & swa forð on þæt cynecynn, & hire modorcynn gæð to Heinrice casere, þe hæfde anwald ofer Rome.
OE Bidding Prayer (York) in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) 27 10
Wutan we gebiddan for urne papan on Rome, and for urne cyning.
OE Rec. Gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter Cathedral (Bodl.) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 228
And II salteras, & se þriddan saltere swa man singð on Rome.
OE St. Eustace (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 204
Þa ferdon soðlice twegen cempan þa wæron genemde Antiochus and Achaius, þa ær wæron under Eustachius handa, and þurhferdon ealle þa land þe into Rome hyrdon, oððæt hi comon þær he wunode.
OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) 6 (table of contents)
Ðæt Bryttas fram Scottum & Peohtum wæron forhergode; & hi to Rome him fultumes bædon.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123,
Ða com se ærcebiscop of Cantwarabyrig & wæs ðære fulle seoueniht ær he mihte cumen to þes papes spræce... Ac þet ofercom Rome þet ofercumeð eall weoruld, þet is gold & seolure.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 2818
Þa comen liðen þa weore þa Rom-leoden [c1300 Otho þat weren Romleode].
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4512
Kinbelin..weorede Rome-þeode wið vncuðe leode.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4598
He bigon to senden ȝeond al þan Romleoden [c1300 Otho ouer al Romleode].
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13188
France heo biwunnen and seoððen heo..biȝeten Rome.
1275c (▸?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13921
He..wold..Rome walles rihten þe ȝare weoren to-fallen.
Pre 1300: 12 citations, 4 primary
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 1553
Þourgh Rome stretes, wide and side, Þe ferthe maister þer com ride.
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 2223
He com to Rome ȝate.
1330c Seven Sages (Auch.) l. 818 (MED),
Þe heghe emperour of Rom [rhyme com] Went adoun of his tour.
1387 ▸a J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 407 (MED),
Holdeþ þe Ester day in dewe tyme, and ȝeve bapteme in þe manere of þe chirche of Rome.
1400a (▸a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22241
All kingrikes þat rome was vnder, Fra lauerd-hed o rome þam sundre.
1400c (▸1391) Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. l. 28
Ryht as diuerse pathes leden diuerse folk the rihte wey to Roome.]
14th Century: 6 citations, 2 primary
1413a (▸c1385) Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 36
Euery wyght whiche that to rome went Halt nat al o path or alwey o manere.
1430?c (▸?1383) Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 281 (MED),
Howevere we speken of dispensacion of þe Bischop of Rome, þis symonyent mot do verey pennaunce.
1440c (▸?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 228 (MED),
There ryngnede neuer syche realtee within Rome walles.
1450a (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 3460
Þyse wer gon to Lumbardye To procure Rome more partye.
1457? J. Hardyng Chron. (Lansd.:Hammond) 236 (MED),
The Emperour of Rome, Sir Sygismounde..had his stall vpon the kynges lifte honde In the Colage of seynt George.
1470 ▸a Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 188
Thus have we evydence inowghe to the empyre of hole Rome.
1475c Proverbs (Rawl. D.328) in Mod. Philol. (1940) 38 122
Whan tho herd hat Rome, Do so of ther þe dome.
1475c (▸?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED),
In þe court of Rome mai no man geyt no grace, but if it be bowt.
1500a (▸a1375) Octavian (Calig.) l. 918 (MED),
Ech lord lette wyth dolour Þe se of Rome.
1500a (▸c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. l. 3534
Þe Saxonys..Agane Rome rasse wiþe mekyl mycht.
1500a (1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 371 (MED),
I had leuer go to rome, yei thryse, on my fete, Then forto grefe yonde grome.
15th Century: 11 citations, 2 primary
1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant Shyppe of Fooles (de Worde) xcv. sig. Bb.iv,
The pleasaunt place of Constantinoble, whiche was the newe Rome.
1515? Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.i,
Yf ony of vs thre be mayre of london I wys y wys I wyll ryde to rome on my thom.
1536a in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols, & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 130
Whan thou art at Rome, do after the dome; And whan þou art els wher, do as they do ther.
1537 T. Starkey Let. 26 Jan. in Eng. in Reign Henry VIII (1878) i. p. xlvii,
The wych you perauenture wyl impute to thys defectyon from Rome.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 248v,
One of the olde souldyours of Roome.
1543 (▸1464) Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 273 (MED),
He gate..Isabell, the wyfe of Frederyk, Emperoure of Rome, [a lorde full] poletyk.
1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) f. 51v,
With this laten prouerbe agreeth yt which is commonly in euery mans mouth in England Whan yu art at Rome, do as they do at Rome.
1545 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Prouerbes (new ed.) sig.
Div, Ye may use this prouerbe when ye wol signifie that one daye..is not ynoughe for..acheuinge..a great matter..Rome was not buylt in one day.
1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. sig.
Div, Rome was not bylt on a daie (quoth he) & yet stood Tyll it was fynysht, as some saie, full fayre.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 48
As farre as hence to Rome gates.
1556a N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) ii. ii. sig. C.iiij,
But what should I home againe without answere go? It were better go to Rome on my head than so.
1561 W. Maitland Let. 10 Aug. in G. Cook Hist. Reformation Scotl. (1819) III. App. p. xl,
If this cannot be brought to pass, then I see well, at length it will be hard for me to dwell in Rome and strive with the Pope.
1564 N. Haward in tr. Eutropius Briefe Chron. ix. f. 114 (side-note)
Rome walles new made.
1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 95
The Pope calleth the Emperour, Emperour of Roome, and..yet can hee haue no more roome in Rome, then it pleaseth the Pope to permit vnto him.
1591 J. Florio Second Frutes i. 97
Be Romane if in Rome thou bide.
1594 Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 82
These that suruiue, let Rome reward with loue.
1598a D. Fergusson Sc. Prov. (1641) sig. F2,
Ye may not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.
1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder Ep. Ded.,
Me thinkes I could flye to Rome (at least hop to Rome, as the olde Prouerb is) with a morter on my head.
16th Century: 18 citations, 13 primary
1509: First reference to the new Rome; Constantinople.
1545: First references to "Rome not built.." and "When in Rome...".
1598: First reference to "Not sit in Rome...".
1600: Reference to the proverb of hopping to Rome.
9 primary references that are not proverbs.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 13
Yet haue the Sarasins attempted both Romes; they haue besieged Constantinople, and haue wasted..the Sea coasts of Italy.
1609 W. Biddulph Trauels Certaine Englishmen 21
In the decrees of Emperours, mention is made of two Romes: one, the olde, which is the true Rome, built by Romulus; the other, the new, which is Constantinople.
1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xxv. 63
But Rome was not built all in a day.
1613 E. Cary Trag. Mariam iv. ii. sig. F,
May you long in prosperous fortunes liue With Rome commanding Caesar.
1614 A. I. in A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia To Transl. sig. A5v,
Lucans Spaine-borne, Rome-bred, Muse-nurc't wit.
1616a Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iv. v. 205
Hee'l go, he sayes, and sole the Porter of Rome Gates by th' eares.
1616a Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 70
King Iohn hath reconcil'd Him~selfe to Rome.
1621 R. Crakanthorpe Def. Constantine 330
Aeneas Syluius [i.e. Pope Pius II] cals, the sacred Empire of Rome, Romanam regiam potestatem, the Regall power of the Romanes.
1624 F. Quarles Job Militant x. xxix,
Who, that did e're behold the ancient Rome, Would rashly give her Glorie such a doome?
1640a J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. 2v/2,
He did measure the starres with a false yard, and may now travaile to Rome with a morter on's head to see if he can recover his mony that way.
1641 W. Laud Recantation Prelate of Canterbury 38
It is certainly a great losse, not to have the Parliaments affection, and very hard (as they say) to sit in Rome, and strive against the Pope.
1642a B. J. Trag. Hist. Guy Earl of Warwick (1661) sig. A4v,
Old. But whither wilt thou go soon ha? Clow. Faith Father,Romo Romulus, even to Rome, Morter morteribus, with a Morter on my Head.
1654 J. Bramhall Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. ccxciii. 612
Your selves have preached so much against Rome, and his Holiness, that Rome and her Romanists will be little the better for that Change.
1661 H. Adis Fannaticks Alarm 23
Is not that great Goliah of our times, defying the Host of the Israel of God, that Rome-bred Monster, Persecution?
1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xxix. 375
Rome was not built in a day, nor is a Reformation in the true Law-sense effectable presently.
1666a R. Blair Autobiogr. (1848) 37 [Reportedly said in Glasgow Cathedral in 1621]
He [sc. Robert Boyd] uttered his indignation in very high words..; for he said, ‘I will not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope.’
1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. i. 5
Whilst one is at Rome, one must live as they do there.
1671 Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 80
All Nations now to Rome obedience pay.
1673 H. Hickman Hist. Quinq-articularis 431,
I will not ask, How..it came to pass, that not one Contraremonstrant ever went over to Rome?
17th Century: 19 citations, 14 primary
1603: Reference to both Romes.
1610: Not built reference.
1641: Strive reference
1663: Not built reference.
1670: While in Rome reference.
9 primary citations that are not proverbs.
1711 Pope Ess. Crit. 39
From the same Foes, at last, both felt their Doom, And the same Age saw Learning fall, and Rome.
1768 J. Cremer Jrnl. 19 July in R. R. Bellamy Ramblin' Jack (1936) 164
His Answer was, when we was in Rhoome, we must doe as Roome did.
1769 T. Gray Ode at Installation Duke of Grafton 6
The majestic Lord, That broke the bonds of Rome.
1771a T. Gray Agrippina in Poems (1775) 131
The willing homage Of prostrate Rome.
1776 A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 202
But Rome was not built in a day.
1780 W. Cowper Boadicea 17
Rome..Tramples on a thousand states.
1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. II. vi. ii. 279
Hyona [i.e. Iona] may be regarded as the Rome of Pikland, supporting its own power and interest, by keeping the subjects of its church in ignorance.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1784 II. 499
He argued in defence of some of the peculiar tenets of the Church of Rome.
1792 G. Galloway Poems 40
Pit [= put] sandals on, Or bare-foot scud like Rome-believers.
1795 tr. M. Ehrenstrom Let. 15 Mar. 1793 in tr. Baron Armfelt Corr. xlvii. 67
This difference in the choice of our means ought not to stop our career. All roads lead to Rome.
18th Century: 10 citations, 6 primary
summary of citations
Pre 1300: 12 citations, 4 primary
14th century: 6 "" 2 ""
15th century: 11 "" 2 '""
16th century: 18 "" 13 "" 9 not proverbs
17th century: 19 "" 4 "" 9 not proverbs
18th century: 10 "" 6 "" 6 not proverbs
conclusion
We can not determine when the four codices were written. Therefore, we will discuss the citations after the age of publication.
The appearance of the three proverbs ["All roads..,"When in Rome.., "...Strive with the Pope"] date from the 16th century. We infer that Rome existed before the 16th century, but did not exert any influence in England until the Reformation. Unfortunately, besides being located in the Italian peninsula, we can not determine its exact location. Even more confusing is the existence of two Romes ["both Romes", 1603].
Regrettably, due to the lack of citations in English literature, we can not successfully date the founding of the city of Rome: the founding of the Rome in Italy can date anytime before the 16th century. We can only be confident that Rome exerted no perceptible influence until the 16th century.
We take notice of the high percentage of secondary sources in our attempt to date the city of Rome. We conclude that the small number and small percentage of primary sources is twofold: Rome existed, but it was not important.
Therefore, we must conclude that Italian Rome was not the influential center that has been portrayed by historians and educators. To paraphrase Nietzsche:
The appearance of the three proverbs ["All roads..,"When in Rome.., "...Strive with the Pope"] date from the 16th century. We infer that Rome existed before the 16th century, but did not exert any influence in England until the Reformation. Unfortunately, besides being located in the Italian peninsula, we can not determine its exact location. Even more confusing is the existence of two Romes ["both Romes", 1603].
Regrettably, due to the lack of citations in English literature, we can not successfully date the founding of the city of Rome: the founding of the Rome in Italy can date anytime before the 16th century. We can only be confident that Rome exerted no perceptible influence until the 16th century.
We take notice of the high percentage of secondary sources in our attempt to date the city of Rome. We conclude that the small number and small percentage of primary sources is twofold: Rome existed, but it was not important.
Therefore, we must conclude that Italian Rome was not the influential center that has been portrayed by historians and educators. To paraphrase Nietzsche:
“The uncritically minded historian says fact, the Philologist knows fraud.”